Saturday, April 20, 2013

सिंम्हल सार्थबाहा आजु या बाखं छगु अध्ययन

सिंम्हल सार्थबाहा आजु या बाखं छगु अध्ययन

दामोदर प्रसाद प्रधान, थंबही, सिंम्हलकल्पनगर, नेपाल मण्डल ।
जातक बाखं म्हसीका  (ऐतिहासीक पृष्ठमूमि - लोकबाखं)
बिध्दान तयगु धापु कथं भगवान बुध्द परीर्निवाण जुया बिज्यागु लगभग सच्छीदं लिपा बौध्द धर्मावलम्बी तयदत्थुई बिबाद न्हापाङ्गू संघायत बैशाली धागु थासये जुगु खः। बौध्द धर्मावलम्बी थ्वो संघात गूबल्ये जुगू धयागु बांलाक्क तिथिमिती सियमदुसां आपालं बिध्दान तयगु मतानुसार (धापू खतं:) इशापूर्व २५० पाखे जुगु अनुमान यागुदु:। थुगु संघायतनं बौध्द संघया नियम आचरण व बुध्द भगवान या पुर्ब जन्मयागु ( न्हापांगु ) ५५० ( न्यास व न्येगु ) बाखंतः पारित यागु खः। पालीभाषां च्वया तगु थुगु संग्रहयात आतक्क सिदुकथं दकल्ये पुलांगु बाखं मानयया, थ्वो बाखंया संग्रहयात जातक कथावनन् (जातक बाखं) धाई।  २
भगवान बुध्द छम्ह राजकुमारया रूपये नेपालदेशय जन्म जुया बिज्याना बौध्दधर्म दर्शनया संदेश बियाबिज्यासां बौध्द धर्म दर्शन प्रचार प्रसार यायेगुया मुख्य श्रेय सम्राट अशोक यात लावनी। सम्राट अशोकनं थःकिजा महीन्द, काय मीलीन्द, म्ह्या (म्हाय) चारूमति, अनेक शिष्य वः अनुयायी छचाखेरं बौध्द धर्म दर्शनया संदेश प्रचार प्रसार यायेगुया नितीं छ्वयाबिज्यागु खंन्ह्येदु:। थ्वहे शिलशिलाय सम्राट अशोकया किजा महीन्द श्रीलंका बिज्याबले वयकलं बुध्द भगवानया पूर्बजन्मया बाखं जातकमाला यंङ्का बिज्यागू धयागु खंन्ह्येदु:।
मन्हुया लाही न:यिपिं लस्सींपिनिगु मायाजाललये लानाचोंपिं न्यासला बञ्जा तयेत उद्धार यायेत श्री आर्यावलोकितेश्र्वर करुणामय भगवान बोसह्ल: यारुपये बिज्यागु बाखं दक्सिब्ये न्हापलाक्क झिङ्खुगू (१६ रौं) सताब्दी पाखे पिदंगु गुणकारण्दब्यूह: नांयागु ग्रन्थलये न्ह्यथनातगु ख:। थ्वो धर्मग्रन्थले न्यासल बञ्जा या नायो:यानां उल्लेख यानातगु खंन्ह्ये मदु:।
बिद्वान् (बिध्दान) प्राध्यापक भाजु फाऊसबोलनं (V. Fausboll) सन् १८७७ सं संपादन याना जर्मनभाषा हिईका दीगु थ्वो जातक कथावनन् सन् १८८० सं बिध्दान भाजु डेभीदशनज्यु (T. W. Rhy Davids) अंग्रेजी भाय् हिईका दीगु खः। लिपा बिभीन्न ईलय: (समयले) अनेक बिद्धान भाजु मयजु पिन्सं आपालं ग्रन्थत: व थ्या- सफूत: (ल्हातिं च्वोयातगु सफू) अध्ययन यानादिया जातक बाखंया सफूतः पिकाना बिज्यागुदु: ।
                                                           ( लिधंसा धलःपौ स्वयादिसं ! )
थुकथं च्वयातगु आपालं सफू अध्ययन यायेबले लस्सीं पिनीगु माया जालय् लाना च्वंपी न्यासल बञ्जापिन्त महासागर पारयाना उद्धार यायनितीं अबलोकितेश्र्वर भगवान बोसल्ह:या रूपये बिज्यागू धयागु बुध्द भगवानया छगु पुर्ब जन्मया बाखं धका उल्लेख याना त:गुदु:। न्यासल बञ्जापिं गन्हं व:गु, गुगू देशसं व:गु, बञ्जापिंनीगु नायो सुखः धयागु छुंनं सियमदु, ब्यापार यावंगु दे:या (द्येया) नां गनं ल्हासा सा: गनं ताम्रब्दिप धका न्ह्यथना त:गु दुसा, न्यासल बञ्जा पिंनीगु डोङ्गा फातापुला सुन्दरि रुपी लस्सीं पिंसं उद्धारयागु महासागरया नां नं गनं रत्नाकर सुमुद्रसा गनं ब्रम्हपुत्र धका न्ह्यथना त:गुदु:। लस्सीं पिनिगु दे:या (द्येया) नां नं गनं ल्हास्सा सा गनं ताम्रव्दिप धका न्ह्थनातगु खन्यदु, थुगु हिसाबनं स्वयेबले (स्वयेबल्ये) लस्सीं पिनिगु देश ल्हास्सा ख:लाकी श्रीलंका बांलाक्क सिह्यमदु:। बाखं या मुख्य धापु धयागु ह्ये बोसह्ल: अल्ये अबलोकितेश्र्वर भगवानया गुणगान सिबाये मेगु छुंनं खंन्ह्येमदु:। लिपा पिहांवोगु बाखंले गनंगनं बञ्जातयगु नायो:या (नाय्योया) नां सिंम्हल सार्थबाहा धका न्ह्यथना तगु खंन्ह्येदु:।
आतक्क पिहांवोगु सफू तयेगु अध्ययन यानास्वयेवल्ये विद्वान भाजु राईटजु (Daniel Wright 1877, History of Nepal) च्वया दीगु नेपाया ईतिहास नांया सफूसं दक्कसिब्ये न्हापाँलाक्क सिंम्हलकल्प नगरया जुजु सिंहकेतुया शासन कालये सिंम्हक महाजनया काय सिंम्हल आजु न्यासल बञ्जापिंनीगु नाय्योजुया बञ्जाल व्यापार यायेत श्रीलंका बिज्यागु खं न्ह्यथना त:गु खंन्ह्येदु:।
लोकवार्ता (Folklore) या धापुकखं सिंम्ह्ल सार्थबाहा आजु ल्हासा बिज्यागु धयागु बाखं न्यन्येकने यानावोया च्वोगु दसा: अनेक ग्रन्थ अध्ययन याना स्वोयबले श्रीलंका बिज्यागु खनेदुगु जुयानितिं सिंम्हल सार्थबाहा आजु ल्हासा वो श्रीलंका निथासं बिज्यागु ख:लाकी धयागु सियदया वोल। न्ह्याथे धासां थ्वो लोकवार्ता गुगु समय निस्ये चलयजुगु ख: धायगु सियमदु, जिगु कुत्:, सिंम्हल शार्थबाहा आजु राज्य याना बिज्यागु कालसमय व वोसपोल या जिबनी लिस्यें स्वापुदुगु खं:त प्रकाश यायेगु नितिं थ्वो बचाढंगु च्वोसु न्ह्यथनागु कुत: यानागु जुल्:, विद्धतगण पिनिगु सल्हाह सुझाबया आशा याना च्वना:।

लोकबाखं
बिक्रमशिल महाबिहार, थंबहीलये दच्छीछक गुंला पट्टिकं बैद्यो ब्वोयबले सिंम्हल शार्थबाहा आजुया जिबन नाप स्वापुगुदु बाखं (न्यासल बन्ज्यालपिं लिस्सें ब्यापार नितिं तापाल देसस्ं बिज्यागु बाखं) न्ह्यथनातगु ताहाकगु पुलांगु पौभा ब्वोय्यगु चलनदु:। निस्सदं मयाक्क न्ह्यव दय्यकातगु पुलांगु पौभा खुयाञंकुगु जुया लिपा हाक्कनं मेगु पौभा दयकुगु जुया च्वन:। लिपा दयकुगु पौभानं चंगु जुया खुइदं न्ह्यवो मेगु न्हुगु पौभा दयका बोयगु यानावोया च्वोंगुदु:।
खुयाञंकुगु पुलांगु पौभाया चित्रया कोस्सं चयगु (८०) ल्यादुगु नेवा:भासं च्व:यातगु बाखं अध्ययन यायबल्ये सिंहलकल्प नगरया सिंहशाहु महाजनया काय सिंम्हल न्यास वञ्जालया नाय्यो जुया बञ्जा ओनेयात (ब्यापारया वोनेयात) रत्नाकर समुद्रसं छिनाव ताम्रव्दिप धयागु देशसं बिज्यागु धयागु सिईदत्:। रत्नाकर समुद्र पार याना च्वोंगु बखतय समुद्र या दत्थुइ दोङगा फातापुला ताम्रव्दिप धयागु तापुया किनारासं सुन्दरी रुपी लस्सिह्म तयसं उद्धार यागु धका पुलांगु पौभालये न्ह्यथनातगु सिइदु। लिपा दयकुगु पौभाल्ये (बा:हालय दुगु पुलांगु पौभा) अल्ये आ:बोय्गु (बोयगु) यानातगु न्हुगु पौभाल्य धासा: ब्रह्म्पुत्र महासागर छिनावो ल्हास्सा बिज्यागु धका न्ह्यथना तगुदु:।  पुलाङ्गु पौभायागु काप: चंन्हगु (चंङगु) जुयानितीं आखग्व बांलाक्क सियमदु थाय् ( ---- ) ल्हास्यम् (खं ल्हाना) धका न्ह्यथना तगु जुयानितिं लिपा दयकुगु पौभाल्ये (खं) ल्हास्यम (खंल्हात) थासय ल्हास्सा धका अर्थ लगययागु ख:लाकी अयसा गथेयाना रत्नाकर समुद्रया थासय् ब्रम्हपुत्र जुवोन ?
खुयाञंकुगु पुलांगु पौभालय च्व:यातगु चयगु (८०) ल्यादुगु बाखंया किपा कोस्सं नेवाभासं च्व:यातगु बाखं अध्ययन यायबल्ये सिंहलकल्पनगर या सिंहशाहु महाजनया काय सिंम्हल न्यास वञ्जालया नायो जुया बञ्जा ओनेयात (ब्यापार) रत्नाकर समुद्रसं छिनाव ताम्रव्दिप धयागु देशसं बिज्यागु धयागु सिईदत्:। पुलांगु पौभाल्य रत्नाकर समुद्र पार यानावो च्वोंगु बखतय समुद्र या दत्थुइ दोङगा फातापुला ताम्रव्दिप धयागु तापुया किनारासं सुन्दरी रुपी लस्सिह्म तयसं उद्धार यागु सिइदु। लिपा दयकुगु पौभाल्य धासा: ब्रह्म्पुत्र महासागर छिनावो ल्हास्सा बिज्यागु धका न्ह्यथना तगुदु:।

 सिंम्हल शार्थबाहा आजु ल्हासा मखुसें श्रीलङ्का बिज्यागु ?

जर्मन बिश्र्वबिद्यालय याम्ह बिद्वान प्रोफेसर डा. लिनहार्डजुं (Prof. Dr Siegfried Lienhard) ईस्वी संवत् १९८५ पाखे जर्मनी जुगु छगु अन्तरराष्ट्रिय सम्मेलनले जर्मनीयागु छगु म्युजीयम (Museum of Indian Art, Berlin) यागु सँकलनलय दुगु पुलांगु ताहाकगु पौभा (विलमपौ:) अध्ययन यानादिया सिंम्हल शार्थबाहाया बाखं न्ह्येब्यया दिगुख:। हाक ११.४० मीतर व: ब्या ०.५५ मीतर दुगु थुगु पौभालय च्व:यातगु चयगु ल्यादुगु (८०) चित्रया कोस्सं नेवाभासं सिंम्हल शार्थबाहाया बाखं न्ह्येब्यया तगुदु। पौभाया काप: चंङगुजुया नितीं पौभा गुबल्ये दयकुगु प्रष्ट थुईके मफु (बांलाक्क सियमदु), बाखंनं बांलाक्क थुईके मफु:। भाजु लिनहार्डजुं नेवा भासं च्वयातगु बाखं यात अंग्रेजीं आखलं हिय़का (Unicode Devanagari) जर्मन भाषानं ई.सं. १९८५ सं म्युजीयम पाखें सिम्हल शार्थबाहाया बाखं छापय् याना पिकाना दिगू ख:।  बिद्वान भाजु प्रोफेसर डा. लिनहार्डजु यागु धापुकथं स्वयबले सिंम्हल शार्थबाहा आजु ल्हासा मखु:सें श्रीलङ्का बिज्यागु खन्ह्ये दत्:।
भाजु लिनहार्डजुं थ्या-सफूत: (ल्हातिं च्वोयातगु ग्रन्थ:) अध्ययन याना दिगु दु:सा वयकलं नेवा भाय: व संस्कृती या नितिं लगभग ५० न्येदं योगदान बिया दिगु खः। भाजु लिनहार्डजु जर्मन सरकार पाखेंया गोसाले जुगु नेपाल जर्मन हस्तलिखित ग्रन्थ संरक्षण परियोजना (Nepal German Manuscript Preservation Project)  या नायो जुया ईस्वी संवत् १९८२ सं नेपा झाया दिगुख: ।
भाजु लिनहार्डजुं न्ह्यथनादिगु जर्मनीयागु ऊगु म्युजीयम (Museum of Indian Art, Berlin) मेगु म्युजीयम (The Museum of Asian Art) नाप गाभय जुगु वः पौभा जिर्णजुगु जुया बोयगु मयास्सें ढुकुती स्वथनातगु जुयमा धयागु धापु खन्ह्येदत:। येंया अंग्रेज राजदुतावासया छम्ह अधिकारी भाजु हदसनजु (ईसं १८२० - १८४४) नेपालं ऊगु ताहाकगु पौभा वः अनेक हस्तलिखित ग्रन्थतः युरोप ल्ह:या यंका दिगु खन्ह्येदु:। १०  (येंद्येया थंवहीया पुलांगु पौभा थ्वहे जुईमा !)
थुकथं च्वया तगु पुलांगु पौभाया बाखं अध्ययन यायबल्ये सिंहलकल्प नगरया सिंहशाहु महाजनया काय सिंम्हल न्यास वञ्जालया नायो जुया ब्यापार (बञ्जा ओनेयात) रत्नाकर समुद्रसं छिनाव ताम्रव्दिप धयागु देशसं बञ्जा ब्यापाल (ब्यापार) बिज्यागु धयागु सिईदत्:। छगु द्ये (द्य़े) सं मेगु द्ये वना ब्यापार यायेत वनिगु वञ्जा तयेगु समूह या नाय्य जुया वन्यगु जिम्मा कायिम्ह्ये:सित शार्थबाहा धायेगु चलन जुया चोंगु ख:। सिंम्हल आजु न्यासल बञ्जाया नाय्य (नाय्:) जुया बिज्यागु जुया नितिं सिंम्हल आजुया न्हुगु नां सिंम्हल शार्थबाहा - सिंम्हल वञ्जाया नाय्य जुल्:। ११
ताम्रव्दिप धायवं श्रीलंका अल्ये श्रीलंका वनेतः समुद्र पार यायेमागु खं लिस्सें श्रीलंकाया ईतीहासया अध्ययन यायेवल्ये लस्सिंतयगु देय् व ताःन्हवनिस्यें रत्नया ब्यापारीत वयाच्वंगु तथ्यत प्रमाणीत जुगुदु:। १२
बिद्वान भाजु लिनहार्डजु यागु धापूकथं सिंम्हल शार्थबाहा आजु ल्हासा मखु:सें श्रीलङ्का बिज्यागु खन्ह्येदयावल:।१३        ( पौभापुलांगु जुया कापचचन्हां आखगो: सिह्यमदुगु थाय ... तयात:गु ख: )
सिंम्हल सार्थबाहा वो न्यासल बञ्जायागु बाखं दुगु थ्वो पौभा थायपाजु (थकाली) हर्शथकु उत्साह जुया जगत सन्सार सत्वोप्राणीया उद्धार जुयमा धका देछागु जक्कसिदु, गुबलय दयकुगु, सुनां दयकुगु, भाजु हर्शथकु गुगु देशयाम्ह थायपाजु ख: धायगु छुन्हं सिह्यमदु:।

भिक्षु दिपंकर श्रृजनाया सुवर्णब्दिप यात्रा वर्णन
ईसवी संवत् १०१२ सं भिक्षु दिपंकर श्रृजना (अतीसा तिब्यत बिज्याय न्हवोया नां) उगु वखतय आपालं नांजाम्हः धर्मगुरू धर्मकिर्ती नापलाना बौध्द धर्मदर्शन अध्ययन यायत सुवर्णब्दिप विज्याय बल्ये, नेपा:मी बंञ्जालतयगु डोङ्गा च्वना रत्नाकर समुद्र पारयाना बिज्यागू: खं बिध्दान भाजु दिक्लीयरज्यू न्ह्यथना बिज्यागू:दु। १४ (सायद नेवातःजुयमा) द्वोच्छी न्ह्यवनिस्सें (११औं शताब्दी) इन्दोनेशीया (जाभा, सुमात्रा) बौध्द धर्मदर्शन यानितीं साबहे प्रख्यात जुगुजुया भिक्षु दिपंकर श्रृजना सुमात्रा बिज्यागू खन्ह्यद:त। थुगु हिसाबं स्वयबल्ये द्वोच्छी न्ह्यव निस्सें नेपामींतः बहुमुल्य रत्नया ब्यापार यायेतः रत्नाकर समुद्र पार याना सुवर्णब्दिप (लुंया खानिया द्ये - सुमात्रा) वनीगु चलन दुगू धापू प्रमाणित जूव:ल। अथेनंतुं ऊगू सफूच्वमी बिध्दान भाजु दिक्लीयरज्यू ताम्रब्दिप व नापं च्वोंगु चिचिढङ्गु (चिची धंगू) अनेक तापुतः लस्सीं पिनीगु द्ये खः उकें उखेपाखे वन्ये मज्जू धका भिक्षु दिपंकर श्रृजना धया बिज्यागु खं न्ह्यथना दिगूदु:। १५ थुगुकथं च्वोसुयात आधार मान्ययाना वोनधासा सिंम्हल सार्थबाहा वो न्यासल बंञ्जालपिं सुवर्णब्दिप (लुंया खानिया द्ये) ब्यापार याय सिधयका थगुद्ये लिहां बिज्यावल रत्नाकर समुद्र दथुई समुद्री आधिब्याधी वोयाओ दोङ्गा फातापुला लस्सिंपिनिगु द्ये ताम्रब्दिप किनारासं थ्यङ्गु वो सुन्दरीरुपी लस्सिंपिन्सं उद्धार यागु जुया ताम्रब्दिप पाखे थ्योंगु धापु पायेछी जुव:ल। सिंम्हल सार्थबाहा वो न्यासल बंञ्जालपिं ताम्रब्दिप ब्यापारया नितिंवोङ्गु मखुसें लं दापाजुया जक्क ताम्रब्दिप (लस्सिं पिनिगु द्ये श्रीलंका) थ्यंगु खन्ह्यदत्:। (सियदया वोल:) १६ थुगु हिसाबनं स्वोयेबल्ये दक्षिण भारत पाखें सुबर्णब्दिप यक्को न्ह्यो निशें लुं व बहुमुल्य रत्नया नितिं बंञ्जालपिं न्ह्यानावोना च्वोंगु सियेदत:।
ईसवी संवत् २०१० सं श्रीलंकाया समुद्र किनाराय लुगु पुलांगु दोंगाया अबशेष यात आधुनिक तरिकां परिक्षणयाना (Carbon dating) स्वोबल्ये (भगवान बुद्धया समय लिपा) ३८०-४८० ईशापूर्व शताब्दी पाखेयागु सियदत्:। १७ (सिंम्हल सार्थबाहा वो न्यासल बञ्जाल च्वोनावोङ्गु डोङ्गा फातापुला ताम्रब्दिप पाखे थ्यङ्गु डोङ्गाला मखुला ?)

भिक्षु दिपंकर श्रृजनाया नेपा यात्रा वर्णन
तिब्यतया जुजुनं बुद्धधर्म प्रचार व न्हुगु तबरन धर्मया परिमार्जन याय नितिं ईसवी संवत् १०४० सं (ने.सं.१६१) नालन्दा विश्र्वबिद्यालयया प्राचार्य भिक्षु दिपंकर श्रृजना यात बिशेष अनुरोध याना बिज्यागु जुया वोसपोल तिब्यत बिज्यागु ख:। वोसपोल तिब्यत बिज्या न्ह्यवो नेपाल मण्डल दच्छी (ने.सं. १६१/१६२) च्वना बिज्यागु ख:। १८ सुबर्णब्दिप बिज्यावल्य झिंस्वला यङ्क दोङ्गा च्वोना नेपामि तयगु सँगतय जुगुलिं नेपा बिज्यायगु परिकल्पना याना बिज्यागुलिं वोसपोल दच्छी नेपाच्वोना बिज्यागु ख:। वोसपोल दच्छीयंङ्कनं धयाथें धर्मधातु बिहारसं (थंबहीया पुलाङ्गु नां) च्वोना बिज्यागु खन्ह्यदत:। नेपाच्वना बिज्यावल्य्ये न्हिन्हिसं सर्गतं नौया आभा बिहारया दत्थुइ लागु खना वोसपोलं उगुथासय छगु तुयुगु चैत्य दयका बिज्याना बिहारया न्हुगु नां बिक्रमशिल महाबिहार स्वना बिज्यात:। १९
                                                ( थ्वो चैत्य अझनं बिहार दुन्यसं दनी ! )
दिपंकर श्रृजना दच्छी यंङ्कनं धयाथें धर्मधातु बिहारसं (थंबहीया पुलाङ्गु नां) च्वोना बिज्यागु जुसां वोसपोलयागु जिबनी वो यात्रा बर्णन गन्ह:नं सिम्हल शार्थबाहा वो थंमबहिली दुगु लुं आँखनं च्वयातगु सहश्रप्रज्ञापारमिता सफु यागु बर्णन मदुखतं स्वोयबल्य सिम्हल सार्थबाहा दिपंकर श्रृजना लिपा धयागु खन्ह्यदत:।
थुगुकथं बिचायाना स्वयबले उगु वखतय बिक्रमशिल महाबिहार झ:झ:धागु सिमदया वल्:। दच्छी मय्याक थुगु बिहारसं च्वोनाविज्याना वोस्पोलं छगु अमुल्यगु ग्रन्थ "चर्या संग्रह प्रदिप" रचना याना बिज्यागु व छगु चैत्य दयकाविज्यागु खं जक्क न्ह्यथनातगुदु:। २० वोस्पोलया शिष्य ब्रोम्पतनं न्ह्यबोयादिगु वोसपोलया यात्रा वर्णन यागु सफू व वोस्पोलया जीवनि नाप स्वापुदुगु अनेक सफू अध्ययन यायबल्ये बिक्रमशिल महाबिहारया वर्णन यानातगु गनं न्ह्यथनातगु खन्ह्य मदु:।
  
इतुम्बहा: वो केशचन्द्र आजु
इतुम्बहालये चोंगु ल्होयागु शिलालेखले भास्करदेव संस्कारीत केशचन्द्रक्रित पराब्रत महाविहार धका उल्लेख यानातगुदु। लिच्छ्बी बंशया जुजु अंशुबर्मा या १५औं बन्शज जयकामदेव निसंतान जुगुजुया लिच्छ्बी बंशया पतन जुल, अनंली उगुबखतया भारदार भास्करदेव (नुवाकोटया थकुरी) जुजु जुया थकुरी बंशया उदय जुल। इतुम्बहा: भास्करदेवया शासन काल पाखे दयकुगु जुयमाल। लिच्छबीबंशया अन्तिमजुजु जयकाम देबया शासन कालये भिक्षु दिपंकर श्रृजना नेपाबिज्यागु सियदत।
इतुम्बहालये दच्छीछक गुंलापट्टिकं बैद्यो ब्वोयबले केशचन्द्र आजुया जिबन नाप स्वापुगुदु बाखं वो गुरुमाप्पाया बाखं न्ह्यथनातगु ताहाकगु पुलांगु पौभा ब्वोयगु चलनदु:। पुलांङ्गु पौभा तङ्गुजुया बिक्रम सम्बत् १२९० लये दयकुगु पौभा बोयगु यानाचोङ्गु दु:। पौभालये केशचन्द्र आजु थ:तता वो जिजादाजु सिम्हल शार्थबाहा आजु नापलयता थंम्बही बिज्यागु खं न्ह्यथनातगु दु, थुगु हिसाबनं सिम्हल शार्थबाहा आजु वो केशचन्द्र आजु छगुहे ईयापीं ख: धयागु प्रमाणित जुवोल्:।
दिपंकर श्रृजना (ई.सं. १०४० - १०४१) वो भास्करदेवया (ई.सं. १०४५ - १०४७) लिपा सिम्हल शार्थबाहा वो केशचन्द्र आजु यागु समय ल्या कायमाल। भास्करदेव दयकाबिज्यागु इतुम्बहा: स्यनाली हाक्कनं केशचन्द्र आजुनं जिर्णोद्वार यानाबिज्यागु जुस्यली केशचन्द्र आजु ११ औं शताब्दिलिपा धका सियदत। थुगु हिसाबनं सिम्हल शार्थबाहा आजुनं ११ औं शताब्दिलिपा धका खन्ह्यदत:। २१

धर्मधातु बिहार, थंम्बही, बिक्रमशिल महाविहार
भिक्षुपिन्त एकान्त थासय् मन यकाग्रयाना अध्ययन अध्यापन यायगु नितिँ लिच्छबी जुजुपिन्सं देशं पिने, बस्तीं तापाक्क बहि:त दयका बिज्यागु अलय् पुलाङु दे:गत जिर्णोद्धार यानाबिज्यागु थ्यासफू सिलापत्र अध्ययन यायेबल्य् खन्ह्येदु। थोह्येझोल्ये पुलांगु धर्मधातुबिहार सावाभुमी (थौंकन्ह्य् या सामाखुशी) धयागु थासय् दुगु जुयाच्वोन। २२ सामाखुशी बा:वोया धर्मधातु बिहार बरोबर मर्मत यायेमाला चोँगु जुयाच्वोन, कालान्तरे खुशी बा:वोया बिहार बामलाक्क स्यंगु जुया ताजाथाय् ल्ह्यया न्हुगु देग दयेकुगु जुल। ताजाथास्य् दयेकुगुजुया न्हुगु नां थंम्बही स्वन्हगुजुल। (थौंकन्ह्य् या बिहार) भिक्षु दिपंकर् श्रृजना नेपा बिज्याना थुगु थंम्बही च्वना बिज्यागुबलय् न्हुगु देग दयेकुगुजुयाच्वोगु जुयमा, अथेजूगु जुया वोसपोलं थंम्बही दय्कबिज्यागु धका न्ह्यथना तगुनं खन्ह्यदु। २३  बिध्दान भाजू शरत चन्दजू यागु धापु ख:तं नेपाया जुजुयात किसी बिया भिक्षु दिपंकर श्रृजना थंवही दयकेत गुहालियायत आज्ञायाना बिज्यागु खन्ह्यदत:। २४ दच्छी मय्याक थुगु बिहारसं च्वोनाविज्याना वोस्पोलं छगु अमुल्यगु ग्रन्थ "चर्या संग्रह प्रदिप" रचना याना बिज्यागु व छगु तुयुगु चैत्य दयका विज्यागु खं वोसपोलया शिष्य ब्रोम्प्तनजुं ल्हास्सा बिज्याबलेया यात्रा विवरणय न्ह्यथनादिगुदु:।२५
संस्कृत वो बुद्ध धर्मदर्शन अध्ययन यायत् तिब्यत वो मेमेगु देशं विध्दानपिं थंबही न्हापांनिशें वोयाच्वोगु जुया, थंबही स्वोनिगले यक्कोहे नांजागु विहार जुयाच्वोन ! २६
ई.सं. ११९७ सं मुस्मातयसं नालन्दा विश्र्वबिद्यालय वो कच्चा विद्यालय वो विहारत धोस्तजुयक स्यंक्का बिगुजुया अनयापीं बिध्दान भिक्षुपीं अमुल्यगु ग्रन्थज्वोना थायथासं बिज्यागु जुल्, थ्वोह्यझोलय स्वोनिगया थिथी विहारसं बिध्दान भिक्षुपीं बिज्यागु जुया बुध्दधर्म या प्रचार जुगुजुयमाल। १३रौं शताब्दी पाखे नालंदा विश्र्वबिद्यालय, विक्रमशिल विहार या नांजाम्ह ।भिक्षु धर्मश्री बुद्धधर्म दर्शन अध्ययन यायत थंबही बिज्यागु जुया वोसपोलं थंबहिया न्हुगुनां विक्रमशिल महाविहार स्वनाबिज्यागु जुयमा ! २७

1) Buddhist birth-stories; Jataka tales translated from Pali Text (Jataka Thavannana - The oldest collection of Jataka Folklore by V. Fausböll's edited and translated into English by T.W. Rhys Davids 1880,  London)

2)  Buddhist birth-stories by T.W. Rhys Davids 1880, London  (Mahindara)

3a)  Buddhist birth-stories  by T.W. Rhys Davids 1880,  London

3b) Tuladhar-Douglas, Will, 1998 Literary Sources of the Gunakarandavyuha    "Presented at the Conference on the Buddhist Heritage of Nepal Mandal" held in  November 1998 in Kathmandu

3c) The Sanskrit Buddhist Literature of Nepal by Rajendra Lal Mitra , Calcutta 1982: 95-97    Gunakarandavyuha - SIMHALA

4) Lopez, Donald S. Jr. ed. 1995 Buddhism in Practice - Introduction chapter Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995, 3–36.
Siegrried Lienhard: Avalokitesvara in the wick of the night lamp, Indo Iranian Journal, vol.36:93 1993 (Gunakarandavyuha belong to the late 16th Century).

 5) आशा सफूधुकु पञ्जिका ल्या ५२२८ (१) सिंह शार्थबाहा अवदान, ५२३३ बुद्धअवदान सिंहशार्थबाहा

6)  Daniel Wright, History of Nepal 1877: 86, 87

7) Brain Houghton Hodson in Nepal  (British Resident in Kathmandu 1824-1843) by David M Waterhouse from the origins of Himalayan Studies edited by David M Waterhouse 2004 page 6 & 7

8) Siegfried Lienhard 1985 Die Abenteuer des Kaufmanns Siṃhala Eine nepalische Bilderrole dus der Sammlung des Museums für Indische Kunst Berlin. Berlin Veröffentlichungen des Museums für Indische Kunst Berlin (7)
Siegfried Lienhard 1985 The Adventure of the merchant Simhala A Nepalese Role mode images of the collection of the Museum of Indian Art, Berlin. Berlin Publications of the Museum of Indian Art, Berlin (7)
The Museum of East Asian Art and the Museum of Indian Art were merged in December 2006 and now operate under a new joint name, the Museum of Asian Art.

9) Die Abenteur des Kaufmanns Simhala Siegfried Lienhard Museum fur Indische Kunst Berlin 1985: 73,82 (The adventure of the merchant Simhala Siegfried Lienhard Museum of Indian Art, Berlin 1985: 73,82)

10) Die Abenteur des Kaufmanns Simhala Siegfried Lienhard Museum fur Indische Kunst Berlin 1985: 67,74 (The adventure of the merchant Simhala Siegfried Lienhard Museum of Indian Art, Berlin 1985: 67,74)
Todd Lewis has described how a popular Buddhist didactic story, the Simhala Sarthabahu Avadana, was 'domesticated' by the Newars: 'a pan- Buddhist story of caravan merchants crossing the ocean was translated — linguistically  ... Himalayan research bulletin - Volume 22 - Page 39

11)  भुबन लाल प्रधान २०४७: ७२ - काठमाडौं उपत्यकाका केहि सांस्कृतिक छिर्कामिर्का
धनबज्र बज्राचार्य २०३०: ५२ - लिच्छबि कालिन अभिलेख, नेपाल एसियालि अध्ययन केन्द्र

12) Our history: Myth upon myth, legend upon legend Sunday Times, October 17, Sunday 2010, Colombo, Sri Lanka
At Kelanimulla ferry, in 1952 a large, very well made dugout boat was found (now in the Colombo Museum) that has been radio carbon dated to 2300BP ± 100, which is 380 – 480 BC: which makes it very close to the time of the first king Vijaya’s arrival (on the date of the Buddha’s paribbana on 543 BC).

13) Die Abenteur des Kaufmanns Simhala Siegfried Lienhard Museum fur Indische Kunst Berlin 1985: 73, 82 (The adventure of the merchant Simhala Siegfried Lienhard Museum of Indian Art, Berlin 1985: 73, 82)

14) Buddhism in Practice 1995 Donald S Lopez Jr. ( ed.) page 532 - 540 "Atisa's Journey to Sumatra" by Hubert Declear. "Atisha was able to visit Suvarnadwip (Sumatra) in a boat owned by people from Nepal "Atisa's Journey to Sumatra"

15) Das, Sarad Chandra Indian Pandits in the land of Snow (Reprint 1965) Atisa in Thambahi page 75-77, “Lord Atisha in Nepal: The Tham Bahil and the Five Stupa's Foundations according to  the ‘Brom ston Itinerary” in Journal of the Nepal Research Center, vol. X, pp. 27-54.

16) A recent translation of the life of the Indian Master Atisha (982-1054 C.E.) was  traveling in a ship owned by merchants from Nepal while traveling to Suvarnadwipa (Buddhism in Practice 1995 Donald S  Lopez Jr. ( ed. ) page 532 - 540 "Atisa's Journey to Sumatra" by Hubert Declear)
Popular Buddhist Texts from Nepal Narratives and Rituals of Newar Buddhism Todd T. Lewis Translations in Collaboration with Subarna Man Tuladhar and Labh Ratna Tuladhar 2000: 190
Dharmadhatu Bihar was named Vikramshila Mahavihar by the great Pandit Dipankar Shrijana, it is also known as the Simhala Sarthabahu Bihar **Brief Encyclopedia of Buddhism in Nepal- Harischandra Lal Singh Ratna Pustak Bhandar 2006: 272

17) Our history: Myth upon myth, legend upon legend, Sunday Times, October 17, Sunday 2010, Colombo, Sri Lanka (An old dugout boat belonging to the period of Vijaya was found in the sea sour of Shree Lanka in 1954)
 
18) Das, Sarad Chandra Indian Pandits in the land of Snow ( Reprint 1965)  Atisa in Thambahi page 75-77
Lord Atisha in Nepal: The Tham Bahil and the Five Stupa's Foundations according to the ‘Brom ston Itinerary” in Journal of the Nepal Research Centre, vol. X, pp. 27-54.

19) Harischandra Lal Singh: Brief Encyclopedia of Buddhism in Nepal,  Ratna Pustak Bhandar 2006: 272 (Dharmadhatu Bihar was named Vikramshila Mahavihar by the great Pandit Dipankar Shrijana, it is also known as the Simhalasarthabahu Bihar) This white stupa is still exhisting inside the Bikramshila Mahabihar (Thambahi).
Snellgrove 2002: 377, Indo Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhist and their Successors Thambahi (Vikramshila Mahabihar founded by Atisha (1040)

20) Atisha Dipankar Srijnan: Eye of Asia: Mr. Deba Priya Barua  "While in Nepal he composed his work Carya Samgra Pradipa". This rather small book of only sixty six stanzas (slokas) communicated in simple lucid language the basic principles and  thoughts of Buddhism.
In 1859 German Scholar Koppen, highlighted Atisha with the translation of Carya Sangra Pradipa and Bodhi Palha Pradip (66 Stanzas) written in Sanskrit by Atisha while he was in Nepal (1041 – 1042AD).

21) Bajracharya, Purna Harsh 1979: 61-64 "Than Bahil: An ancient center for Sanskrit study" Indologica Taurinesia, Vol. 7, The International Association of the Sanskrit Studies.

22)  भुबन लाल प्रधान २०४७: ८८ - काठमाडौं उपत्यकाका केहि सांस्कृतिक छिर्कामिर्का

23) Indian Pundits in the land of Snow by Sir Sarat Chandra Dass 1893 (Reprint 2004)  Page 74
Atisha Dipankar Srijnan: Eye of Asia Mr. Deba Priya Barua  "While in Nepal he composed his work Carya Samgra Pradipa". This rather small book of only sixty six stanzas (slokas) communicated in simple lucid language the basic principles of Buddhism thoughts. Atisha also is said to have established this vihar constructing a white stupa and five small stupas in the north side of  Kathmandu Valley (Panchmane) and did spent a year studying the Buddhist philosophical teaching.
Decleer, Hubert 1996. "Lord Atisha in Nepal: The Tham Bahil and the Five Stupas Foundations" according to the 'Brom ston Itinerary" Journal of the Nepal Research Center, Vol. X, pp. 27-54.

24) Indian Pundits in the land of Snow by Sir Sarat Chandra Dass 1893 (Reprint 2004)  Page 74 " Moreover the king of Nepal caused his son to be ordained as a monk by Atisha under the name of Devendra. He also sent 100 horsemen with Atisha and the Prince to escort them up to the shores of the lake Mapham (Mansarovara). Atisha presented his own elephant to the king of Nepal with a request that he should build a Vihar, called Than Vihara, in return for the value of the beautiful elephant."
Atisha also is said to have established Vikramshila Mahavihar (the white Chaitya inside this vihar and the five chaitya in Panchamane, north of Kathmandu) and did spent a year studying the Buddhist philosophy.
(Atisha’s arrival in Nepal by Hubert Declear "Lord Atisha in Nepal", Journal of Nepal Research Center Volume X page 27-54 1997)

25) Decleer, Hubert 1996. "Lord Atisha in Nepal: The Tham Bahil and the Five Stupas" Foundations according to the 'Brom ston Itinerary" Journal of the Nepal Research Centre, Vol. X, pp. 27-54.
Atisha Dipankar Srijnan: Eye of Asia Mr. Deba Priya Barua  "While in Nepal he composed his work Carya Samgra Pradipa". This rather small book of only sixty six stanzas (slokas) communicated in simple lucid language the basic principles of Buddhism.

26) Bajracharya, Purna Harsh 1979: 61-64 "Than Bahil: An ancient center for Sanskrit study" Indologica Taurinesia, Vol. 7, The International Assiciation of the Sanskrit Studies.

27) Dharmashri Mitra, a renowned scholar from Vikramshil Vihar, Nalanda, India is believed to visit Nepal for advance study in Buddhism and Sanskrit in the early 13th Century. He did study in Thambahil, which clearly indicates the high importance of Thambhil and the similarity of the name Vikramshil indicates the name might have been given by him “Traditional Architecture of Kathmandu Valley" by Wolfgang Korn, Ratna Pustak Bhandar, 1976 (Text by Purna Harsha Bajracharya).






.
   

Sunday, May 27, 2012

Legendary and Historical Manjushree

Legendary and Historical Mañju'srii
(A short study related to Manjushree)   ---  Damodar Pradhan
I am not a historian and historical analysis is not my subject of interest, yet the present study focus on the assessment of historical data. My lack of formal study related to Buddhism and Buddhist study is making me to request the reader to forgive me for my little knowledge, in this short article I am trying to compile some information related to Legendary and Historical Manjushree.
A NUMBER OF SUUTRAS that contain the name of Manjushree in their titles or in which he plays a prominent role were translated into Chinese in the second and third centuries CE. Some of manuscripts written in fourth century CE, Manjusreeparinirvana Sutra by Nie Tao-tchen and Manjusreebuddhak.setragu.navyuha Sutra, and Dharmarak.sa's translations of the Saddharmapundariika Sutra do mention the name of Manjushree.

Manjushree is worshiped in different forms and name. He is known as Manjughosa while seen seated on lion. We see mainly two distinctive types: one with the sword and book (the common and usual form), and the other with the blue lotus. The sword symbolizes the slicing or removing the clouds of Ignorance; and Prajnaparamita symbolizes Treatise on Transcendent Wisdom. He is also worshiped as the second Boddhisattvas (among the Boddhisattvas) after Avalokitesvara in the Mahayana Buddhist text. He is being called upon as 'Adi-Buddha', or pre-moral Buddha in Manjushree Namasangati the Mahayana sacred writings (chanting the different names and form of Manjushree), while in some text he is referred to as an historical character.
Chinese Buddhist literature and Prajnaparamita claims Manjushree being informed by Gautama Buddha to turn the Wheel of Buddha's Law for the salvation.
In the Svayambhu Purana, Manjudevacharya is believed to have introduced the cult of Hebajranairatma (for further reference Manjushree Mulakalpa). In the legendary history of evolution of the Kathmandu Valley, He is believed to cut the Kanpotalaparvat (presently CHOVAR) with his Devin sword, on the southern side of the lake and the waters of the lake drained through the opening, leaving dry land which is Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal. So, he is believed as founder of civilization in Nepal. (Mitra, R. The Sanskrit Buddhist Literature of Nepal, Delhi 1981 page 249 - 258 (original ed. 1882)
The Svayambhu Purana also contains an account of an (Indian?) monk,  Dharmasri Mitra meetingi Manjusree in the Kathmandu valley on his way to MahaChina to learn the meaning of the twelve vowels of the Manjusreenaamasamgati. Manjusree answers his queries and Dharmasri Mitra saved the trouble of his journey to China. (Mitra, R. The Sanskrit Buddhist Literature of Nepal, Delhi 1981 page 255, original ed. 1882)
The story could also be interpreted as an act of kindness towards those who were not able to make the long and dangerous journey to China to see Mañjusree. An equivalent of this sort of account is the tradition of circumambulating the Kathesimbhu stupa in central Kathmandu for those unable to climb the many steps in Svayambhu stupa, is believed to have the same merit.
The founder of Ge-lug-pa School of Tibetan Buddhism (The yellow hat - Dalai Lama is head of this sect) Je Tsongkhapa (1357-1419) was believed in Tibetan myth as the manifestation of Manjushree.
In the Manjusree Naamasangti, Manjusree is being honoured as The Knowledge of all the Tathaagatas (sarvatathaagatajnaanakaayasya manjusreeiij naana sattvaasya ... naamasa.mgiiti. h Davidson, 1983, 61p). Manjuvajra, is one of the two central deities of the Guhyasamaja Tantra. The Tibetan historian Taranatha (born 1575) describes an incident in the life of Candragomin that involves a statue of Manjusree. It occurs at the time of Candragomin's debate with the Maadhyamika Candrakiirti at Nalanda. Before the debate starts they enter the gates of Nalanda in ceremonious procession. The story is that the statue of Manjusree, which Candragomin and Candrakiirti follow, each to one side, turns its head towards Candragomin as if to favour him (according to Taranath, Candragomin wins the debate). If this Candragomin is the 7th century grammarian, then the story could indicate that Manjusree had considerable importance at that time, at least at Nalanda. But Taranatha has almost certainly conflated the 7th century Candragomin with a later (possibly 8th century) tantric Candragomin, the author of a number of commentaries including one on the Naamasangti. Bu ston also tells the story that once, when Candragomin chanted a praise of Manjughosa the head of a statue of the latter bent down to listen (Obermiller, 1986, 132 - 3). Enjoyable though they are, these stories are not able to be historically placed with any reliability.
The French Tibetologist and scholar Marcelle Lalou (Iconographie des etoffes paintes dans le Manjusreemuulakalpa. paris, 1930) drew up two lists of sutras translated into Chinese between the late Han dynasty (25-220 CE) and the twelfth century (1127 CE).  The lists were compiled on the basis of whether their titles contained on the one hand the name Manjusree or, on the other hand, the name Avalokitesvara. She discovered that before 557 CE (the end of the Liang dynasty) there were seventeen sutras whose titles contained the name Manjusree, but just two with the name Avalokitesvara. After 557 CE the totals for the two lists become more even, though that of the ' Manjusree ' list stays in the lead. Lalou was responding here to the work of Jean Przyluski. Przyluski had suggested that in the Manjusreemuulakalpa the sections where Manjusree has a central place pre-date those where Avalokite'svara is important.
Yet as we have seen, the Indian iconographic (as distinct from textual) evidence suggests that figures of Avalokitesvara were earlier, and in this period more numerous, than those of Mañju'srii. More recent research has shown that Lalou is also wrong in her conclusions concerning a cult of Manjusree in China. The work of Paul Demiéville, Etienne Lamotte, and Raoul Birnbaum shows that Manjusree became a very significant figure in Chinese Buddhism during the T'ang dynasty (618-906 CE). The work of Demiéville and Lamotte, particularly in relation to the role of Amoghavajra (705 - 774 CE) in promoting the cult of Manjusree in China.
During the later period of Indian Buddhism (7th to 12th century CE), which becomes increasingly dominated by the Tantra, Manjusree continues to be an important figure in the texts. He is well represented in the different categories of Tantra. A number of rituals and mandalas are centered on him in the large Kriyaa Tantra work, the Manjusreemuulakalpa. In the [Manjusree] Naamasamgiti, which enumerates the 'Names' of Manjusree as non-dual Knowledge or Awareness and was classified as a Yoga Tantra, he is described as "The Knowledge-Being Manjusree, the Knowledge-Body of all the Tathaagatas" (sarvatathaagatajñaanakaayasya mañju'sriijña nasattvaasya ... naamasa.mgiiti.h Davidson, 1983, 61)
Manjusree is associated with astrology in the (pre mid-eighth century) Indian text, the Manjusree naamasamgiti. Verse 103 descibes him as "glorious, possessing the circle of the lunar mansions" ('sriimaan nak.satrama.n.dala.h) (See Davidson, 1981; Wayman, 1985, for two translations of the Naamasa.mgiiti). Davidson, Ronald M. 'the litany of names of Manjusree; tantric & taoist studies in honor of Professor R.A. Stein,   vol.1. mcb no. 20, 1981, pp.1-69.
It was in China, however, that this association seems to have been elaborated and Manjusree seen freeing one from the negative influences of the planets (see Birnbaum, 1983, 92ff). 

Birnbaum, Raoul studies on the mysteries of Mañju'srii: a group of East Asian Mandalas and their traditional symbolism. Society for the study of Chinese Religions, monograph no.2, Boulder, 1983.

The story of Padmasambhava's visit to Mañju'srii reveals an ambiguity of feeling towards the use of astrology within a Buddhist context. The following account is adapted from the translation of Padmasambhava's biography edited by Evans-Wentz (see Evans-Wentz, 1954, 134 - 6). Evans-Wentz,c.g. The Tibetan Book of the great liberation. Oxford, 1954.
Padma's next great guru was the Bodhisattva Manjusree, residing on the Five-Peaked Mountain, near the Siitaasara River, in the Shanshi Province of China. Manjusree's origin, like that of Padmasambhava, was supernormal:
The Buddha once went to China to teach the Dharma, but instead of listening to him the people cursed him. So he returned to Grdhrakuta, in India. Considering it to be useless to explain the higher truths to the Chinese, he decided to have introduced into China the conditional truths, along with astrology. Accordingly, the Buddha, while at Grdhrakuta, emitted from the crown of his head a golden yellow light-ray which fell upon a tree growing near a stupa, one of the five stuupas, each of which was on one of the peaks of the Five-Peaked Mountain. From the tree grew a goiter-like excrescence, whence there sprang a lotus blossom. And from this lotus blossom Manjusree was born, holding in his right hand the sword of wisdom and in his left hand a blue lotus blossom, and supporting the book of [the perfection of] wisdom; and the people spoke of him as having been born without a father and mother. From Manjusree's head there issued a golden tortoise. The tortoise entered the Siitasara River, and from a bubble there came forth two white tortoises, male and female, which gave birth to five sorts of tortoises.
At about this time the Lord Buddha emitted from the crown of his head a white light-ray which fell upon the goddess of Victory. The goddess went to Manjusree; and he, taking in his hand the golden tortoise, said, 'This is the great golden tortoise'. Then he instructed and initiated the goddess in seven astrological systems.
When these astrological teachings, known as the teachings which issued from the head of the most holy Manjusree, had spread all over the world, the people gave so much attention to them that the Dharma of the Lord Buddha was neglected. So Manjusree placed all the texts containing the teachings in a charmed copper box and hid it in a rock on the eastern side of the Five-Peaked Mountain. Deprived thus of astrological guidance, mankind suffered dire misfortunes: diseases, shortness of life, poverty, barrenness of cattle, and famine. Upon learning of these misfortunes, Avalokitesvara went to Padmasambhava and said, 'I have renovated the world thrice; and, thinking that all beings were happy, returned to Potaala. But, now, when I look down, I behold so much suffering that I weep'. And Avalokitesvara added, 'Assume the guise of Brahma; and, for the good of the creatures of the world, go and recover these hidden treasures [of texts]'.
Marcelle Lalou (1890-1967) is a French Tibetologist of the 20th century; she did have had lots of contribution on Tibetology, pursued her investigation of the significance of Manjusree in China by examining current archaeological evidence. She found that in the seventh to eighth century inscriptions of the Lung-men caves Manjusree is not mentioned at all. Avalokitesvara, on the other hand, is named in eighty inscriptions. Neither is Manjusree mentioned at Che-kou-sseu, where the inscriptions span the period from 531-867 CE. The same is true for the late sixth century inscriptions at Tsien-po-shan. On the basis of this evidence Lalou concluded that 'the cult of Manjusree was little practiced in Chinese Buddhism during the period that these caves were excavated'. She argued that the reason for the predominance of sutras concerning Manjusree being translated into Chinese during this period is to be accounted for by the cult of Manjusree having precedence in India over that of Avalokitesvara, and those sutras thus having sufficient authority in the eyes of the Chinese Buddhists to be translated. This model would square with Przyluski's analysis of the roles of Manjusree and Avalokitesvara in the Manjusreemuulakalpa ("The Root Ordinance Concerning Manjusree ")
Mañju'srii is associated in the Manjusreeparinirvana Sutra with chain of five mountain peaks in the western Himalayas - pañca'sikha/ 'Five-crested' or 'five-peaked'. It is also an epithet (closely linked with panchacira), possibly descriptive of how Manjusree wears his hair; and finally, Pañca'sikha is the name of a gandharva who shares a number of qualities with Manjusree. ('Mañju'srii: Origins, Role  and Significance (Part 1 - Origins)'. The Order Journal 2, 1989, p.15 - 26).
By the end of the eighth century Manjusree cult, centered on a five-peaked mountain complex called Wu-t'ai shan ('Mountain of Five Terraces'), was one of the most important Buddhist cult in China.
In the first chapter of Kalachakra Tantra, the main religious Text of Mahayan Buddhism, it is mentioned that 600 years after Buddha a great scholar Manjushree will be born to get a new renaissance of Buddhist thoughts,  clearly indicates Manjushree to belong to the First century AD, (Boudha Darshan by Baldev Upaddhaya, Sharada Mandir Kashi 2003 page 454 – 55. Same quote is also given in Maryada No, 13 pages 69-71). The Buddhist text Saddharma Pundarika, is also written by a Buddhist Monk named Manjushree during the first century (Legendary History of Kathmandu by John Luck page 412) and Late Bhuvan Lal Pradhan also did mentioned the legendary Manjushree belong to the first century in the article “Manjushree Legendary or historical” published in Nepali (Gorkhapatra 2048/2/11). The holy Satashasrika Pranja- paramita (100,000 verses 12 volumes in the Tibetan language) has been translated in ninth century by Jianshree Mitra, Subrenbodieg and Tibetan Monk Ye-Se-sde, (Bibliotheca Indica 1902-1913). This clearly indicates Jianshree to belong to the ninth century signifying his teacher Manjushree also to belong to this period. Edward Conze in his book “The Prajnaparamita Literature” (Manton, The Hague 1960) did mention that Jianmitra did translate this text in Tibetan language during the early 9th century. The date 344 NS (1223AD) mentioned at the end of the manuscript from Bhagwan Bahal, being written by Jianshri indicates another historical Manjushree to belong to the thirteen century (Jianshri was the deciple of Manjushree).There is some confusion regarding the legendary and three historical Manjushree (The legendary Manjushree from Mahachin (China), a scholar and Monk from India (1st Century), Teacher of Jianmitra (Jinashri 9th Century) and teacher of Jinashri (from the prajnaparamita manuscript written in the 13th Century). The date 1223 AD/ 344 NS mentioned at the end of the Prajnaparamita manuscript from Vikramshila Mahavihar testify another historical Manjushree (a monk from Nalanda University, India) the teacher of Jinashri to belong to the 13th century. Jinashri is believed to have inspired from his teacher Manjushree and found an auspicious moment to start writing the manuscript. He felt asleep by the time and Manjushri is believed to start writing the first three pages with his finger. (The first three pages do have big script different than the remaining page). When he woke up, found the auspicious moment already passed and was laminating; Manjushri came forward and instructed him to start writing without any disturbances as he has already started writing from the auspicious moment. This is a legend but we have no evidence regarding how long it did took to write all the four volume. The date 1223 AD / 344 NS mentioned at the end of the manuscript might be the date it was completed or the date mentioned by someone else?   King Pratap Mall and Queen Lalmati after visiting this temple (NS 780 1658 AD) during the festival did wrote three stanzas appreciating the holy manuscript Laksavati Prajnaparamita (Meaning 100,000 Stanza--Pundit Hem Raj Sakya, Nepal Sanskritya Mulukha 1969 (Main entrance   of the culture of Nepal)
Reference Books for further study:-
Bhattacharyya, Benoytosh The Indian Buddhist Iconography. Calcutta,1958.

Birnbaum, Raoul. Studies on the mysteries of Mañju'srii: a group of East Asian Mandala and their traditional symbolism, Society for the study of Chinese Religions, monograph no.2, Boulder, 1983.

Bussagli, Mario,   Central Asian Painting. (Translated from the Italian) New York, 1979   First Edition, Geneva, 1963.
Davidson, Ronald M. (1981) The Litany of Name of Manjushri - Text and Translation of the Manjushri-nama-samgiti, . tantric & taoist studies in honour of professor r. a. stein, vol.1. mcb no. 20, 1981, pp.1-69.
Evans-Wentz,   The Tibetan book of the great liberation.   Oxford, 1954.

Amotte, Etienne. 'Mmañju'srii'. t'oung pao, 1960, pp.1-96.

Mitra, R. The Sanskrit Buddhist Literature of Nepal; Delhi, 1981. (Original ed. 1882)

Snellgrove, David   'Traces of Buddhism in Central Asia' in Indo-Tibetan Buddhism (1987, 324 - 762).  ----   Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists and their Tibetan successors. London, 1987.
Von Hinüber, 1984,  Central Asian Buddhism.
Wayman, Alex. (1985) Chanting the names of Mañju'srii: the mañju'srii naama samgiiti, Sanskrit & Tibetan texts, translated with annotation and introduction.  Boston and London,1985.
Chanting the names of Mañju'srii: the mañju'srii-naama-sa.mgiiti
Mañju'sriimuulakalpa: The French Tibetologist and scholar Marcelle Lalou (Iconographie des etoffes paintes dans le mañjusrii muulakalpa. paris, 1930)
Mañju'sriiparinirvana Sutra by Nie Tao-tchen
Guhyasamaaja Tantra: Mañjuvajra, is one of the two central deities of the Guhyasamaaja Tantra
Mañju'srii is also available in the legendary story of the evolution of  Kathmandu valley
Mañju'sriibuddhak.setragu.navyuuha Suutra
"manjushrijnanasattvasya-paramartha-namasamgiti" (full Sanskrit title) lit. "The chanting of the name of Manjushri, the embodiment of supreme knowledge"
(sarvatathaagatajñaanakaayasya mañju'sriijñaanasattvaasya ... naamasa.mgiiti.h Davidson, 1983
PRZYLUSKI, JEAN. Of Polish ancestry and French nationality, Jean Przyluski (1885–1944) was a linguist, Buddhologist, and historian of religions His wide-ranging interests led him to publish prolifically on topics as varied as the structure of the Vietnamese language, the development of Buddhist myths and legends, and Indo-European folk traditions (e.g., werewolf cults), and to theorize about the general evolution of human religiosity.